ECG 7-Step Plan – Interpretation Reference Card

• Two-sided ECG interpretation reference card following a simple 7-step structured approach. Includes:
  • Heart rate
  • Rhythm
  • Axis
  • P waves and PR interval
  • QRS complex and QT interval
  • ST segment changes
  • T wave abnormalities

• Front side covers the full 7 Step Plan, including:
  • Assessment of heart rate with normal ranges
    • Normal 60–100 bpm
    • Tachycardia >100 bpm
    • Bradycardia <60 bpm
  • Rhythm analysis including regular, irregular, regularly irregular, and irregularly irregular rhythms
  • Axis interpretation including normal, left, right, or extreme axis
  • Assessment of P waves and PR interval including:
    • Presence of P waves
    • Relationship of P waves to QRS
    • QRS following each P wave
    • P wave morphology
    • Normal PR interval 120–200 ms
  • Assessment of QRS complex and QT interval including:
    • Normal QRS 80–120 ms
    • QRS morphology
    • Normal QTc 350–440 ms (males) and 460 ms (females)
  • ST segment evaluation including:
    • Isoelectric baseline
    • Recognition of elevation or depression and possible ischaemia
  • T wave assessment including:
    • Normal shape
    • Inversion
    • Increased amplitude

• Reverse side includes common ECG abnormalities, including:
  • Absolute bradycardia <40 bpm
  • Prolonged PR interval >200 ms
  • Short PR interval <120 ms
  • Narrow QRS <80 ms
  • Broad QRS >120 ms
  • Prolonged QTc >440 ms (males), >460 ms (females), >500 ms (high risk)

• Reverse side also provides diagnostic clues for each abnormality, including associations with:
  • Sick sinus syndrome
  • Heart block
  • Electrolyte imbalances
  • Drug effects such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin
  • sodium channel blockers
  • Bundle branch blocks
  • Ventricular rhythms including VT and PVCs
  • Pre-excitation (WPW, LGL)
  • Hypokalaemia, hyperkalaemia, LQTS
  • Myocardial infarction

• T wave patterns and associated causes including:
  • Peaked
  • Inverted
  • Biphasic
  • Hyperacute
  • Flattened
  • Camel hump patterns

• Designed as a study and revision aid for students and clinicians learning structured ECG interpretation.
• Pocket-sized 86 × 54 mm laminated card with a durable elongated slot for lanyards, badge reels, or ID holders.
• High-quality print, fully encapsulated in transparent laminate for everyday use.

For educational and reference use only.